The House gave final approval Thursday to legislation protecting same-sex marriages, a monumental step in a decadeslong battle for nationwide recognition of such unions that reflects a stunning turnaround in societal attitudes.
President Joe Biden is expected to promptly sign the measure, which requires all states to recognize same-sex marriages, a relief for hundreds of thousands of couples who have married since the Supreme Court's 2015 decision that legalized those marriages nationwide.
The bipartisan legislation, which passed 258-169, would also protect interracial unions by requiring states to recognize legal marriages regardless of "sex, race, ethnicity, or national origin."
In debate ahead of the vote, several gay members of Congress talked about what it would mean for them and their families. Rep. Chris Pappas said he was set to marry "the love of my life" next year and that it is "unthinkable" that his marriage might not be recognized in some states.
Rep. Mark Pocan said he and his husband should be able to visit each other in the hospital just like any other married couple and receive spousal benefits "regardless of if your spouse's name Samuel or Samantha."
Rep. David Cicilline said that the idea of marriage equality used to be a "far fetched idea, Now it's the law of the land and supported by the vast majority of Americans."
While the bill received GOP votes, most Republicans opposed the legislation and some conservative advocacy groups lobbied aggressively against it, arguing that it doesn't do enough to protect those who want to refuse services for same-sex couples.
"God's perfect design is indeed marriage between one man and one woman for life," said Rep. Bob Good. "And it doesn't matter what you think or what I think, that's what the Bible says."
Rep. Vicky Hartzler choked up as she begged colleagues to vote against the bill, which she said undermines "natural marriage" between a man and a woman.
"I'll tell you my priorities," Hartzler said. "Protect religious liberty, protect people of faith and protect Americans who believe in the true meaning of marriage."
Landmark Same-Sex Marriage Bill Wins Senate Passage
The bill, which would ensure that same-sex and interracial marriages are enshrined in federal law, was approved 61-36.
Democrats moved the bill quickly through the House and Senate after the Supreme Court's June decision that overturned the federal right to an abortion. That ruling included a concurring opinion from Justice Clarence Thomas that suggested same-sex marriage should also be reconsidered.
The House passed a bill to protect the same-sex unions in July with the support of 47 Republicans, a robust and unexpected show of support that kick-started serious negotiations in the Senate. After months of talks, the Senate passed the legislation last week with 12 Republican votes.
House Speaker Nancy Pelosi presided over the vote as one of her last acts in leadership before stepping aside in January. She said the legislation "will ensure that "the federal government will never again stand in the way of marrying the person you love."
The legislation would not require states to allow same-sex couples to marry, as the Supreme Court's 2015 Obergefell v. Hodges decision now does. But it would require states to recognize all marriages that were legal where they were performed and it would protect current same-sex unions if the Obergefell decision were overturned.
While it's not everything advocates may have wanted, passage of the legislation represents a watershed moment. Just a decade ago, many Republicans openly campaigned on blocking same-sex marriages; today more than two-thirds of the public support them.
Democrats in the Senate, led by Wisconsin's Tammy Baldwin and Arizona's Kyrsten Sinema, slowly won over key Republican votes by negotiating an amendment that would clarify that the legislation does not affect the rights of private individuals or businesses that are already enshrined in current law. The amended bill would also make clear that a marriage is between two people, an effort to ward off some far-right criticism that the legislation could endorse polygamy.
In the end, several religious groups, including The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, came out in support of the bill. The Mormon church said it would support rights for same-sex couples as long as they didn't infringe upon religious groups' right to believe as they choose.
Study: Same-Sex Marriage Generated $3.8B In The U.S. Over 5 Years
Since same-sex marriage was legalized in 2015, a UCLA study shows same-sex weddings have generated close to $4 billion.
Conservative groups that opposed the bill pushed the almost four dozen Republicans who previously backed the legislation to switch their position. The Republicans who supported the bill in July represented a wide range of the GOP caucus — from more moderate members to Pennsylvania Rep. Scott Perry, the chair of the conservative hard-right House Freedom Caucus, and New York Rep. Elise Stefanik, the No. 3 House Republican. House Republican leader Kevin McCarthy voted against the measure.
Thursday's vote came as the LGBTQ community has faced violent attacks, such as the shooting earlier this month at a gay nightclub in Colorado that killed five people and injured at least 17.
"We have been through a lot," said Kelley Robinson, the incoming president of the advocacy group Human Rights Campaign. But Robinson says the votes show "in such an important way" that the country values LBGTQ people.
"We are part of the full story of what it means to be an American," said Robinson, who was inside the Senate chamber for last week's vote with her wife and young son. "It really speaks to them validating our love."
The vote was personal for many senators, too. The day the bill passed their chamber, Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer was wearing the tie he wore at his daughter's wedding to another woman. He recalled that day as "one of the happiest moments of my life."
Baldwin, the first openly gay senator who has been working on gay rights issues for almost four decades, tearfully hugged Schumer as the final vote was underway. She tweeted thanks to the same-sex and interracial couples who she said made the moment possible.
"By living as your true selves, you changed the hearts and minds of people around you," she wrote.
Additional reporting by The Associated Press.
